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Battle of Thermopylae

Thermopylae 480 B.C.

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Battle of Thermopylae King Leonidas 300 Spartans
Greek translation
   
 
Tributes & memorials to the defenders of the 'Hot Gates'
   
 
   
 
Battle of Thermopylae Simonides epitaph
The plaque at Thermopylae whose inscription is dedicated by Simonides to the 300 Spartans
Ω ΞΕΙΝ ΑΓΓΕΛΛΕΙΝ ΛΑΚΕΔΑΙΜΟΝΙΟΙΣ ΟΤΙ ΤΗΔΕ ΚΕΙΜΕΘΑ ΤΟΙΣ ΚΕΙΝΩΝ ΡΗΜΑΣΙ ΠΕΙΘΟΜΕΝΟΙ

(GO TELL THE SPARTANS PASSERBY,
THAT HERE OBEDIENT TO THEIR LAWS WE LIE)



The epitaph as written above and whose English translation appears below the Greek transcription was written by the poet Simonides who was the son of Leoprepes from the island of Creos. It is dedicated to the 300 Spartans and appears on the memorial at Thermopylae (see below).

Most fittingly, the plaque is decorated with the Green Laconian stone (Lapis Lacedaemonius) which was imported from the south of Sparta as described by Pausanias. This memorial is situated atop the hillock where it is believed that the Spartans and Thespians made their last stand. A large concentration of arrowheads were located by the Greek archaeologist Spyridon Marinatos in 1939 which in all probability confirms the location.
   
 
'Leonidas at Thermopylae' by Jacques-Louis David - 1748-1825
   
 

"The most valiant are sometimes the most unfortunate. Thus there are triumphant defeats that rival victories. Nor did those four sister victories, the fairest that the sun ever set eyes on - Salamis, Plataea, Mycale, and Sicily - ever dare match all their combined glory against the glory of the annihilation of King Leonidas and his men at the pass of Thermopylae." - Michel de Montaigne

Michel de Montaigne 1533-1592
   
 
Monument at Thermopylae dedicated to King Leonidas and the 300 Spartans
   
 
The monument above was designed by Basil (Vasilios) Phalereus and was erected in the 1950's opposite the hill of Kolonos, which is where the remaining Spartan and Thespian hoplites died.  An accumulation of spears and arrowheads were located at the hill by the Greek archaeologist Spyridon Marinatos in 1939, which confirmed the details of the final phase of the Battle of Thermopylae as written by the historian Herodotus.
   
 
Simonides epitaph on the Kolonos hillock - Image courtesy of Vasilis Linidis
   
 
Thermopylae

Honour to those who in the life they lead
define and guard a Thermopylae.
Never betraying what is right,
consistent and just in all they do,
but showing pity also, and compassion;
generous when they're rich, and when they're poor,
still generous in small ways,
still helping as much as they can;
always speaking the truth,
yet without hating those who lie.

And even more honour is due to them
when they foresee (as many do foresee)
that Ephialtis will turn up in the end,
that the Medes will break through after all.

Constantine P. Cavafy (Kavafis)
Konstantinos P. Cafavis 1863-1933
Θερμοπύλες

Τιμή σ’ εκείνους όπου στην ζωή τωνώρισαν και φυλάγουν Θερμοπύλες.
Ποτέ από το χρέος μη κινούντες·
δίκαιοι κ’ ίσιοι σ’ όλες των τες πράξεις,
αλλά με λύπη κιόλας κ’ ευσπλαχνία·
γενναίοι οσάκις είναι πλούσιοι,
κι ότανείναι πτωχοί,
πάλ’ εις μικρόν γενναίοι,
πάλι συντρέχοντες όσο μπορούνε·
πάντοτε την αλήθεια ομιλούντες,
πλην χωρίς μίσος για τους ψευδομένους.

Και περισσότερη τιμή τούς πρέπειόταν προβλέπουν
(και πολλοί προβλέπουν)πως ο Εφιάλτης θα φανεί στο τέλος,
κ’ οι Μήδοι επί τέλους θα διαβούνε.

Κωνσταντίνος Π. Καβάφης (1903)
   
 
Simonides epitaph - Image courtesy of Vasilis Linidis
   
 
'The Oracles' by A.E. Housman


'Tis mute, the word they went to hear on high Dodona mountain
When winds were in the oakenshaws and all the cauldrons tolled,
And mute's the midland naval-stone beside the singing fountain,
And echoes list to silence now where gods told lies of old.

I took my question to the shrine that has not ceased from speaking,
The heart within, that tells the truth and tells it twice as plain;
And from the cave of oracles I heard the priestess shrieking
That she and I should surely die and never live again.

Oh priestess, what you cry is clear, and sound good sense I think it;
But let the screaming echoes rest, and froth your mouth no more.
'Tis true there's better boose than brine, but he that drowns must drink it;
And oh, my lass, the news is news that men have heard before.

The King with half the East at heel is marched from lands of morning;
Their fighters drink the rivers up, their shafts benight the air,
And he that stands will die for nought, and home there's no returning.
The Spartans on the sea-wet rock sat down and combed their hair.'
A.(Alfred) E. (Edward) Housman 1859-1936
   
 
Monument dedicated to the 700 Thespians - Courtesy of Vasilis Linidis
   
 
George Noel Gordon Byron
'The Isles of Greece' by Lord Byron

The isles of Greece! the isles of Greece Where burning Sappho loved and sung,
Where grew the arts of war and peace, Where Delos rose, and Phoebus sprung!
Eternal summer gilds them yet, But all, except their sun, is set.

The Scian and the Teian muse, The hero's harp, the lover's lute,
Have found the fame your shores refuse: Their place of birth alone is mute

To sounds which echo further west Than your sires' "Islands of the Blest."

The mountains look on Marathon - And Marathon looks on the sea;
And musing there an hour alone, I dreamed that Greece might still be free;
For standing on the Persians' grave, I could not deem myself a slave.

A king sate on the rocky brow Which looks o'er sea-born Salamis;
And ships, by thousands, lay below, And men in nations; - all were his!
He counted them at break of day - And when the sun set, where were they?

And where are they? and where art thou, My country? On thy voiceless shore
The heroic lay is tuneless now - The heroic bosom beats no more!
And must thy lyre, so long divine, Degenerate into hands like mine?

'Tis something in the dearth of fame, Though linked among a fettered race,
To feel at least a patriot's shame, Even as I sing, suffuse my face;
For what is left the poet here? For Greeks a blush - for Greece a tear.

Must we but weep o'er days more blest? Must we but blush? - Our fathers bled.
Earth! render back from out thy breast A remnant of our Spartan dead!
Of the three hundred grant but three, To make a new Thermopylae!

What, silent still? and silent all? Ah! no; - the voices of the dead
Sound like a distant torrent's fall, And answer, "Let one living head,
But one, arise, - we come, we come!" 'Tis but the living who are dumb.

In vain - in vain: strike other chords; Fill high the cup with Samian wine!
Leave battles to the Turkish hordes, And shed the blood of Scio's vine!
Hark! rising to the ignoble call - How answers each bold Bacchanal!

You have the Pyrrhic dance as yet; Where is the Pyrrhic phalanx gone?
Of two such lessons, why forget The nobler and the manlier one?
You have the letters Cadmus gave - Think ye he meant them for a slave?

Fill high the bowl with Samian wine! We will not think of themes like these!
It made Anacreon's song divine: He served - but served Polycrates -
A tyrant; but our masters then Were still, at least, our countrymen.

The tyrant of the Chersonese Was freedom's best and bravest friend;
That tyrant was Miltiades! O that the present hour would lend
Another despot of the kind! Such chains as his were sure to bind,

Fill high the bowl with Samian wine! On Suli's rock, and Parga's shore,
Exists the remnant of a line Such as the Doric mothers bore;
And there, perhaps, some seed is sown, The Heracleidan blood might own.

Trust not for freedom to the Franks - They have a king who buys and sells;
In native swords and native ranks The only hope of courage dwells:
But Turkish force and Latin fraud Would break your shield, however broad.

Fill high the bowl with Samian wine! Our virgins dance beneath the shade -
I see their glorious black eyes shine; But gazing on each glowing maid,
My own the burning tear-drop laves, To think such breasts must suckle slaves.

Place me on Sunium's marbled steep, Where nothing, save the waves and I,
May hear our mutual murmurs sweep; There, swan-like, let me sing and die:
A land of slaves shall ne'er be mine - Dash down yon cup of Samian wine!

Philhellene Lord Byron 1788-1824
   
 
Thespian plaque at Thermopylae - Image courtesy of Vasilis Linidis